Improving Overhead Pass Skills in Volleyball through the PAIKEM Approach among Fifth-Grade Students of Tubunaus State Elementary School

Abstract

This classroom action research investigated improvement in volleyball overhead-passing skills through the PAIKEM (Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Enjoyable Learning) approach among 32 fifth-grade students at Tubunaus State Elementary School. The study began with a baseline pretest and continued through two action cycles, with two meetings in each cycle. Data were collected using an overhead-passing practical test, teacher and student observation sheets, and descriptive knowledge questions. Quantitative data were summarized using mean scores, the percentage of students meeting the Minimum Mastery Criterion (KKM = 75), and class-average normalized gain; observational findings were used to guide reflection and revision between cycles. The mean score increased from 33.12 at pretest to 71.25 in Cycle I and 96.87 in Cycle II. Mastery increased from 2 of 32 students (6.25%) to 15 students (46.87%) and
then to all 32 students (100%). The normalized gain was 0.57 from pretest to Cycle I (medium) and 0.95 from pretest to Cycle II (high). Cycle I observations identified persistent errors in hand and foot positioning, while Cycle II emphasized targeted correction, repeated practice, and active participation. These findings indicate that the PAIKEM-based classroom actions supported substantial improvement in students’ overhead-passing performance